“………….but Russia, without waiting for any result, proceeded to a general mobilization of her forces both on land and sea.” (http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/germandeclarationofwar_russia.htm.) Said the German ambassador, this worried the Germans. “The German Empire was faced by a grave and imminent danger.” Said the ambassador of Germany. (http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/germandeclarationofwar_russia.htm.)  Germany therefore was forced to protect there people from being attacked by the Russians. They had to act quickly so they declare war on Russia august the first 1914.If they had not done so there whole country could have been in jeopardy of being lost and destroyed. They could have been ruled by the Russians.

            Before this act was made the Russians had chances to retreat there armies. But they did not comply with these orders for they seem to have on goal in their minds, take Germany down.” the Government of His Majesty the Emperor of All the Russia’s and to insist upon a cessation of the aforesaid military acts.” (http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/germandeclarationofwar_russia.htm.  Said the ambassador of Germany to the Russians. Thus showing the ill intensions of the Russians the true aggressors of this war, Germany therefore had no choice but to declare war against them to protect themselves and their country.     

            The Germans later during the war were blamed to break a treaty of seas. A German submarine shot down the “Lusitania” killing Americans and British citizens. The allies claimed that the boat was only carrying passengers but the Germans did not think so. The Germans launch there torpedoes at the ship causing an explosion but then a second explosion occurred. A journal entry of one of the submarine crew members states “An unusually heavy explosion takes place with a very strong explosion cloud (cloud reaches far beyond front funnel).  The explosion of the torpedo must have been followed by a second one” (http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/lusitania.htm) this meant that the ship was not only carrying passengers but also weapons of war. This allowed the Germans to shot at the ship since they had a blockade against any merchant ships at that time of the war. The allies were the aggressors during the war and were always trying to say false things about what the central powers were doing just so there actions would be justified by their governments. The Germans were even kind enough to not shot another torpedo to finish them off. As in the diary of the same submarine crew member, he states “It would have been impossible for me, anyhow, to fire a second torpedo into this crowd of people struggling to save their lives.” (http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/lusitania.htm) Showing that the Germans were not aggressors at all and were very merciful during the war they were at first trying to prevent but could not do so. A fight that the Russians and Serbians had started.

            “On June 28th the Austro-Hungarian successor to the throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and his wife, the Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated by a member of a band of Serbian conspirators.” Stated by German government’s official statement. (http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/officialgermanstatement.htm)  This was an attack on one of Germany’s allies. The Serbians and the Russians wanted to take parts of Austria Hungary away from them. So they sated to mobilize after the assassination. The German then took this as a threat. This is what a German official said about this “Preparatory military measures by Russia will force us to counter-measures which must consist in mobilizing the army.” “”But mobilization means war.” (http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/officialgermanstatement.htm)  The Germans were being pushed into the war which they did not want to enter. The Russians found an excuse to why they were mobilizing as so stated a Russian secretary of war “the Russian Secretary of War, M. Suchomlinof, gave the German military attaché his word of honour that no order to mobilize had been issued, merely preparations were being made, but not a horse mustered, nor reserves called in.” (http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/officialgermanstatement.htm)  This excused was quite shocking to the Germans for they could tell that this was a lie. No order of mobilization was issued seemed to be ridiculous because most of the Russian army was near the fronts. And they could tell that the reserves were called too also. The Germans and Austrians were trying to settle this as so the Germans claim by saying “We can all the more support the desire of Russia to protect the integrity of Serbia as Austria-Hungary does not intend to question the latter.  It will be easy in the further development of the affair to find a basis for an understanding.” (http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/officialgermanstatement.htm)  But the allied aggressors did not care for they were ready to begin the war.

          In conclusion I think that the Germans are not to blame for the start of the war or for being the aggressors. Russia was the true aggressor of the war he pushed Germany to declare war on them, thus creating the First World War. As said by the German ambassador “If the German Government had failed to guard against this peril, they would have compromised the safety and the very existence of Germany.” (http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/germandeclarationofwar_russia.htm )The German were forced to war by the aggressor and had no choice but to do it.

#1

Propaganda-the use of selected bits of information.

War attribution-a slow wearing down process in which each side tries to outlast each other.

Contraband-war materials supplied by a neutral nation to a belligerent one.

Atrocities-brutal acts against defenseless civilians.

#2

Central powers-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire.

Allied powers-Great Britain, France, Russia, and their partners.

U-boats-German submarines used during World War 1

Woodrow Wilson-The U.S president during the World War 1.

Arthur Zimmerman-German minister that sent a telegram to Mexico telling them to join the war and they would help them regain parts of America.

#4

a.       The technology change the way the war was fought because all the strategies had to be different. Also the weapons were more powerful now. For example the Maxim gun, and the u-boats.

b.      Some principles were that the u-boats were sinking innocent ships. Another principle would be the telegram that they intercepted from the Germans to the Mexicans.

If I was a french history worker I would not be in favor with the war against Germany. If we went to war with them I would be the one fighting them and not the people who want to. So it would be the french workers against the German workers. Neither of them want to fight or don’t even know why they are fighting. Then I the factory worker won’t get anything out of this. But the factory owners would make fortunes from selling the bombs and munitions I made. Instead of all the workers unite against the imperialist and taking them down.

#3

a.       The open door policy, boxer rebellion-revolts that led to the end of the Qing dynasty.

b.      The nationalist movement changed under the leadership of Chiang Kai-Shek by the armies becoming bigger. Also they gained more control over the Hunan and Wuhan regions.

c.       A meeting between early communist in  shanghai ,the long march, peasants joined the communist,

#4

People of china I’m here to warn you of the rising trouble of the communist. We from the nationalist party care about our values, our tradition .All they care about is fighting of intruders and not caring about education or our needs. We should all be against them and destroy their causes. My fellow comrades join us the nationalist in our fight against communism. So we could have a newer china built on tradition passed onto us from centuries before us. Join us brothers in the fight against communism.

#4

a.         When growth in cities in china stated to grow popular cultural came about. Such cultures were plays, novels, etc.

b.      The attitudes that the Chinese had against foreigners were that they did not want to get mixed up with other cultures because they wanted to keep their own tradition alive. They feared that if they got involved with another culture they would loose there own.

Pg.421

#2

Opium war-A conflict between China and Britain. China wanted the British to stop trading opium with them. They refused therefore the conflict started.

Treaty of Nanjing- A treaty that stopped the opium wars. This led to china giving Hong Kong and ports to Britain.

Taiping rebellion- A revolt led by Hong Xiuquan, this revolt was made to establish a new dynasty.

#1

Meiji restoration-a group of samurai that overthrew the Tokugawa shogunate, then later return the emperor to power.

Diet-a two – house national assembly.   

Sino-Japanese war-a rebellion in 1894 in Korea. The Japanese and the Chinese sent armed forces to Korea and a fight between them broke out.

Treaty of Shinseki-This treaty ended the Sino-Japanese war.

Mongkut- The king of Siam.

Liliuokalani-Queen who ruled Hawaii, She did not like the thought of foreigners ruling Hawaii.

Emilio Aguinaldo-Led the Filipinos to independence.

#3

a.       During the British rule India was getting more modernized. They help them in farming methods. They built road, bridges, railroads.The British did not socialize with the Indians at all.

b.      The Japanese were able to reform and industrialize because the samurai took charge in the community and encouraged the government to change there ways. Thus they built industries and therefore they stated to get modernized.

c.       In the Philippines they had to fight for everything but in Hawaii they did not have war to get Hawaii.

Capitalism-an economic system in which individuals or corporations, rather than governments, control the factors of production.

Commercial capitalism-merchants who bought and sold goods.

Industrial capitalism-producing manufacturing goods.

Interchangeable parts-unskilled workers could now turn out identical.

Mass production-producing in large numbers.

Corporations-businesses that formed groups.

Monopoly-to gain complete control of production or sale of a single good or service.

Cartels-business combinations.

Business cycle-alternative periods of prosperity and decline

Depression-going into closing of a factory because of low demand.

Pg563

Free enterprise-to own your own factory or work.

Laissez-faire-this means to leave it alone, this was meant for the government so that they don’t interfere in our businesses.

Humanitarians-people who work to improve the conditions of others.

Utilitarian-the thought that people should be educated so they could decide what is best for them.

Strike-when large group of workers stop working.

Unions-a group of workers that refused to work.

Collective bargaining-a process of negotiation that were written in contracts lating for a certain period of time.

Adam smith-Scottish economist that is mostly know as the father of economics.

Thomas Malthus-follower of Adam smith became a professor in economics.

David Ricardo-British economist that wrote that working class poverty was impossible to evade.

Charles dickens-English writer that used his novels to attack greedy employers.

Jeremy Bentham-philosopher that created the theory of utilitarism.

John Stuart mill-English philosopher that believed that a government should work for the good of all its citizens.

Crop rotation- crop rotation is when you plant different types of crops and leave on space without out any crops. Then the next harvest the land won’t be all used up in resources.

Industrial revolution-the beginning of modern factories and technology.

Factors of production-needed factors  like land capitol and labor.

Mechanization-process that sped up production using automatic machinery.

Factory system-a system that put workers with a certain hours working for a fixed pay.

Vulcanization-a process of making rubber like some industries right now.

#2

Jethro tull-invented a seed drill that planted seeds straight in row.

Richard Arkwright-invented the spinning jenny that made more thread than a spinning wheel and later invented a way to drive machines by waterpower.

Eli Whitney-invented the cotton gin that could clean cotton faster that any labor a man can do.

James watt-he patented the steamboat engine.

Henry Bessemer-made a cheaper way to make steel.

Robert Fulton- first man to build a profitable steamboat.

Samuel Morse-invented the Morse code which then was translated to a telegraph.

Giuseppe Mazzini-a famous person within the secret society of the carbonari.

Young Italy movement-movement held by Mazzini in order to spread nationalism.

King victor Emmanuel 2- a king that rule Sardinia and did not like liberals.

Camillo benso di Cavour-chief minister of the king of Sardinia. He supported the liberals.

Napoleon 3-french emperor that wanted to expand his territory.

Guiseppe garibaldi-a man that wanted Italy to be free.

#4

a.congress of viena and the revolution of 1848

b.guissepe garibaldi, victor Emanuel 2

c.because the Sardinian empire  aided with France making them the leading the army.

 #4 pg 642

Prussia replaced Austria   as leading country because of many territories given to them after the congress of Vienna. Also because in Prussia most of the people were Germans unlike Austria which had many nationalities in it.

b.the two unifications were different because the German unification people opposed the unification .while in the Italy unification most of the people wanted to unite but could not because of their kings.

c.there was an emperor named Kaiser and two branches of government. The bundesrat and the Reichstag.